How a Shorter American Work Day Is Hurting Income Inequality

Research shows that Americans are working less than in 2007, just as the country entered the recession.

Several months ago, Jeb Bush gaffed that, for the U.S. economy to flourish, Americans should work more hours. Pile-on ensued; critics exclaimed modern Americans are already overworked.

Well, not exactly, at least historically speaking.

Several years ago, economists Mark Aguiar and Erik Hurst studied work and leisure trends over the last 40 years. They noticed that, in the 1960s, most men—regardless of their education, which serves as a proxy for income—worked the same amount of hours, about 50 per week, and spent about 105 hours dedicated to leisure activities. By 2003, a divergence emerged that mirrored growing income inequality: Men with less than 12 years of education worked, on average, 37.5 hours a week, while more educated (higher-earning) men worked 43.4 hours. Both groups gained more leisure time (socializing, watching TV, playing sports), though the less educated group spent about 6 to 7 more hours a week engaged in leisure activities than their more educated (and presumably higher-earning) peers.

About a decade later, it’s still the case. The figure below plots hours worked over the last decade by education for employed Americans ages 18 to 65, from the U.S. Census American Time Use Survey.

It’s still true that the more education you have, the more hours you work each week. But Americans of all education levels are working less than in 2007, just as the U.S. headed into the recession.

A similar pattern emerges when you break up work hours by earnings. The figure below shows hours worked by income quintile.

In some ways, it’s not surprising. The more you work, the more money you make. But it wasn’t always this way. Research by economists Peter Kuhn and Fernando Lozano estimates that in 1979 the bottom 20 percent of earners were more likely to put in long work hours (more than 50 hours a week) than the top 20 percent. But by 2006, it was mainly the top earners putting in the long hours.

The fact that trends in hours worked mirror trends in income inequality raises the question of how work hours are contributing to the growing distance between the haves and the have-nots. It could be that employers are offering low-wage, hourly workers fewer hours and no overtime, dooming them to lower earnings. Or it could be that stagnating or declining real earnings reduce people’s incentives to work more hours.

Unfortunately, there are not many real answers. Kuhn and Lozano argue that salaried, skilled workers face greater incentives to put in longer hours than they used to because long hours lead to bigger bonuses and job promotions. But it is not clear why hourly low-wage Americans work less.

Recent research suggests inequality is driven by certain firms paying their employees better than their competitors. Work hours could have something to do with that. Kuhn and Lozano noticed that among salaried workers, industries with more pay inequality tend to be the ones with wider ranges of hours worked. Economists still don’t fully understand what drives pay disparities across firms, but one reason could be that employees work more hours in certain firms and that’s why they are paid more.

None of this is to say Americans aren’t working enough. But more research on work trends would help us better understand what’s driving some of the increase in income inequality and its consequences. Economists generally assume that well-being isn’t about income, that it comes from consumption and leisure. A workforce that works less could be better off in that sense. However, a decline in working hours could reflect an economy that isn’t offering enough opportunities to work hard and get ahead. If that’s the case, more leisure time is not much of a consolation.