Primary Sources

You’ll live longer if you tie the knot rather than stay single, a new study suggests, and if you stay married rather than split up. Using 1989 and 1997 data from the National Health Interview Survey and the National Death Index respectively, and measuring across a variety of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, researchers found that being unmarried significantly increased one’s chances of dying during the period studied, and that this held true for a variety of causes—from cardiovascular disease to “external” causes like accident and suicide. (The correlation between never marrying and dying from an infectious disease was particularly strong, but this was presumably because of the impact of AIDS on gay unmarried men during the period studied.) Married people had a better life expectancy than widowed or divorced people, but having once been married was better than never having married at all: the widowed had a 39 percent greater risk of dying than the married, and the divorced or separated had a 27 percent higher risk, while the risk was 58 percent higher for those who had never wed in the first place.

—“Marital Status and Longevity in the United States Population,” Robert M. Kaplan and Richard G. Kronick, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health

One of the most ominous signs that the Taliban and warlords in Afghanistan are trying to return to power is the emergence of a terrorist campaign against the country’s schools, according to a recent report by Human Rights Watch. Inlate 2005, attacks on teachers, schools, and aid workers sharply increased, and the trend has continued into this year. Schools have been rocketed and burned, teachers murdered (one by beheading), and bombs detonated in classrooms. “Night letters”—written threats ordering teachers and students to stop their work—have been posted at mosques and schools. (A late-2005 letter delivered a threat to “put acid on [the] faces” of girls attending school in Kandahar, prompting the local community to stop sending any girls over the age of ten to school.) Since schools are, for many Afghans, the main point of contact with the government, the terrorism campaign against education has been particularly damaging. Attacks on schools and education aid workers have “stunted and, in some places, even stopped … development and reconstruction work,” a situation that is already beginning to turn people in the south and southeast (the least secure regions) away from the central government. Unless the government of Afghanistan and the U.S.-led coalition take steps to increase security and protect schools, the report states, the country faces a “crisis of insecurity,” and another generation of Afghans will lose the chance for education and advancement.

—“Lessons in Terror: Attacks on Education in Afghanistan,” Human Rights Watch

E-mail spammers endure legal harassment, exclusion from polite society, and the disgust of nearly every computer user. But a recent paper suggests why they persist: spamming is an easy way to part fools from their money. The paper examines the price fluctuations of stocks promoted in unsolicited “hot tips” e‑mails sent during 2004 and 2005. On the day before the spam was sent, the touted stocks tended to get bought up (presumably by the spammers), and their prices rose. They rose again on the day of the spamming, as the gullible made their purchases, then plummeted, as the spammers sold high and left their marks clutching mediocre stocks. On average, a spammer could make a 4.9 percent profit in two days. The technique is probably legal, the authors write, as long as spammers disclose their interests in fine print (many do). Under securities law, if e‑mail users are naive enough to take stock tips from strangers on the Internet, then their losses are their own damn fault.

—“Spam Works: Evidence From Stock Touts and Corresponding Market Activity,” Laura L. Frieder (Purdue University) and Jonathan L. Zittrain (Harvard Law School)

Women earn less than men, on average, and call in sick more often, a new study has found. Two (male) Italian economists blame two-thirds of the sick-day gender gap, and more than a tenth of the male-female wage differential, on menstrual cycles. Analyzing three years of employee data from an Italian bank, they found that women were more likely than men to miss work in twenty-eight-day cycles. When women turned forty-five, however, the male-female difference vanished. (Many men missed work every twenty-eight days, too, but the authors attribute their cycles, at least in part, to the “Monday morning effect—the well-documented loathing that workers of both genders evidently reserve for the first day of the workweek, which at four-week intervals will resemble a menstrual cycle.) In addition to costing women wages directly by decreasing productivity, the authors hypothesize, these absences are regarded by managers as signs of poor performance. Overall, the study attributes 11.8 percent of the earnings gap between men and women, and 13.5 percent of the promotion gap, to menstruation-related absences.

—“Biological Gender Differences, Absenteeism and the Earning Gap,” Andrea Ichino and Enrico Moretti, National Bureau of Economic Research

The occupants of the ten rotating seats on the United Nations Security Council may, in effect, be trading their votes for cash, argues an article in The Journal of Political Economy. When nations begin their two-year terms on the Security Council, the aid they receive directly from the UN jumps 8 percent. Once a country’s term expires, aid immediately drops to pre-membership levels, leading the authors to reject the possibility that temporary members receive more aid because they have become more visible. During periods when the Security Council is very active (and when temporary members’ votes are more valuable), annual aid for developing countries holding temporary seats rises 166 percent. The authors single out the United States as an especially likely vote buyer: rotating members receive 59 percent more U.S. foreign aid while on the council, and their gains in direct UN aid come primarily via UNICEF, an organization seen as a center of U.S. influence.

—“How Much Is a Seat on the Security Council Worth? Foreign Aid and Bribery at the United Nations,” Ilyana Kuziemko and Eric Werker, The Journal of Political Economy

A new Pew survey of Asian opinion finds a great deal of hostility among the publics of the continent’s major powers. It’s not just traditional rivals like the Pakistanis and the Indians who take a dim view of one another; half of all Japanese have a negative view of Pakistan, for instance, and a plurality of Chinese have an unfavorable view of India. Among the Japanese, the two Koreas are regarded with suspicion: 97 percent of Japanese have an “unfavorable” view of North Korea (for understandable reasons), but a sizable minority43 percenthold negative views of the democratic South as well. The good news, though, is that all of this hostility may not translate into real geopolitical tension. Despite their mutual dislike, for instance, only a third of Japanese and Chinese call the other country an “adversary.” And while China’s neighbors express a great deal of worry about the nation’s rising influencelarge majorities in Russia, India, and Japan describe growing Chinese military strength as a “bad thing”few in those Asian countries surveyed expect China to displace the United States as the dominant world power anytime soon. (Even in China itself, only 37 percent of those surveyed expected China to supplant America within fifty years.) And the United States itself is still regarded favorably by either majorities or pluralities in China, Japan, and India.

—“Publics of Asian Powers Hold Negative Views of One Another,” Pew Research Center

According to Vietnamese astrology, your year of birth shapes your chances in life. Some years are good luck, others are bad luck, and your prospects for health and professional success are dim if you happen to be born in the wrong year. A new study sponsored by the World Bank seems to offer empirical support for this belief: it finds that Vietnamese children born in auspicious years enjoy better health and higher education levels than those born in unlucky years. (This finding holds true even within familieschildren born in lucky years are healthier and better educated than their “unlucky” siblings.) However, the authors attribute this effect not to the influence of the zodiac, but to family planning. In a horoscope-conscious society, they argue, children born in auspicious years are more likely to have been planned for, and are more likely to reap the benefits of “favorable financial, psychological, or emotional conditions” than their unplanned-for peers. As evidence that Vietnamese parents plan births around the lucky years, the authors point out that birth cohorts are on average 7 percent larger in years deemed fortunate by the astrologers than in unlucky years.

—“Superstition, Family Planning, and Human Development,” Quy-Toan Do and Tung Duc Phung, World Bank

More than 2 million refugees have arrived in the United States since the Refugee Act of 1980 established the current procedure for seeking asylum, and a new Brookings Institution paper tracks the migrants’ changing origins and destinations. In the early 1980s, the vast majority arrived from Southeast Asia, as part of a wave of migration that began during the Vietnam War. Since then, the largest waves have arrived from the former Soviet Union (cresting in 1992 and falling ever since) and the Balkans (mainly refugees from the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s); from 2000 to 2004, the largest spike has been in refugees from Africa. Meanwhile, though most new arrivals still settle in traditional gateway cities like New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, refugees since the 1990s have also found their way in increasing numbers to cities like Seattle, Atlanta, and Portland, Oregon. And specific cities have become associated with specific refugee populationsDetroit with Iraqis, for instance, and Los Angeles with Iranians, but also less familiar destinations like Wausau, Wisconsin, which is home to a large Hmong population, originally from Laos.

—“From ‘There’ to ‘Here’: Refugee Resettlement in Metropolitan America,” Audrey Singer and Jill H. Wilson, Brookings Institution