Letters to the editor

Editors' Note:
An article in the May 2005 issue of The Atlantic—"The Coming Death Shortage," by Charles Mann—made reference to a case involving E. Pierce Marshall and the estate of his father, J. Howard Marshall II. The references to the case were intended to make an illustrative point for the remainder of the article, and not intended to cast Mr. Marshall in an unflattering light. The article was written before the legal process referenced in the article was complete, and it cited the decision and commentary of one judge in one aspect of the case. Because it did not take note of subsequent developments, which occurred prior to publication, and because it did not take note of the legal history leading up to the judge's comments, the article left a wrong impression of the outcome and of Mr. Marshall, and we apologize for the omissions.

By way of background for interested readers, here is a fuller account of the case. In March of 2001, after six months of trial and testimony from forty witnesses, a jury in the Texas Probate Court found that there was no evidence to support the existence of any oral promise by J. Howard Marshall II to provide Anna Nicole Smith with any money from his estate after his death. With the exception of Ms. Smith (who was threatened with perjury charges for lying under oath), no witness has come forward in any court to support her claim. The jury also found that there was no wrongdoing of any kind on the part of E. Pierce Marshall or any other person connected with the Marshall estate with respect to that estate or to Anna Nicole Smith. It dismissed accusations of "attempting to seize control of assets," of "undue influence," and of "document destruction." It should be noted that J. Howard Marshall II had made no reference to Ms. Smith of any kind in any of his wills, trusts, or other estate-planning documents. These documents have been upheld as valid and binding on all parties by both the Texas Probate jury and the United States courts. The Harris County Probate Court is the only court ever to conduct a trial on the issues. The decision and commentary by the judge cited in Mr. Mann's article, which followed the Texas jury verdict by a year, were made by that judge not in the context of a jury trial but on a rehearing from a decision issued by a bankruptcy court in California. That judge's ruling and the bankruptcy-court decision were made moot when they were stayed and then overturned by the U.S. Appellate Court for the Ninth Circuit in December of 2004.

Needless to say, neither Mr. Mann nor The Atlantic Monthly has any personal knowledge of, nor have they seen any evidence that, E. Pierce Marshall was "infuriated" by his father's gifts to an (alleged) "mistress, an exotic dancer, who then died in a bizarre face-lift accident." J. Howard Marshall II (not E. Pierce Marshall) filed suit for the return of some items and prevailed in the matter. There is no evidence that E. Pierce Marshall ever regarded his father's "money … as rightfully his" during J. Howard Marshall II's life. Those wanting to know more about this case can find the jury's verdict in the Texas Probate Court trial and also the opinion of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals at http://www.warejackson.com/, in the News section of that Web site.

Robert D. Kaplan's cover story "How We Would Fight China" (June Atlantic) expends thousands of words detailing the importance of naval bases and submarines, but fails to note the obvious—that both the United States and China maintain formidable nuclear arsenals. Perhaps Kaplan is confident that a war between the two countries would never escalate into nuclear war. But he should have provided some reasoning to back up this implicit claim. Otherwise it is difficult to take seriously the sea skirmishes anticipated by the article.

Paul Wachter
New York, N.Y.

Robert Kaplan makes some strong assumptions about Chinese foreign-policy goals, arguing that a "rising China" will increasingly be a "challenge" and a "threat." It's true that the Chinese armed forces, reformed and re-equipped, will be increasingly capable of blue-water naval operations in the decades ahead. But what does this mean at the strategic level? What are the Chinese after, and what implications does that have for any future competition with the United States? Is Kaplan correct to assume that PACOM, the U.S. Pacific Command, "will soon be a household name"?

China's expansionist agenda is almost certainly limited to reunification with Taiwan and, perhaps, possession of the Spratly Islands. As its military power grows, so does its leverage in these policy areas. This certainly presents the potential for military conflict with the United States, but the balance of power in the Taiwan Strait is unlikely to shift decisively in the PRC's favor anytime soon. Does this make for a "new Cold War," as Kaplan posits? Or does it simply continue a delicate political duet that has been going on for more than half a century?

Clearly, a more affluent China aspires to greater commercial influence in Asia—but what's wrong with that? Is Kaplan positing a showdown over limited global resources, not least oil and steel? If so, he doesn't say so explicitly, and this would be a very Malthusian interpretation of globalization in any case. Perhaps the only solution for the United States in that scenario would be to forcibly reduce Chinese consumption through blockade. More realistically, America's economic prosperity depends on the ability to participate in China's rapidly expanding economy, and to compete in East Asian markets for a share of the expanding commercial pie.

Kaplan's analogy between PACOM and NATO is strained. He argues that NATO was able to neutralize the Soviet Union by drawing it into the alliance system—an interesting reading of the end of the Cold War. Were the Soviets spent into submission by President Ronald Reagan's determination to rejuvenate the American military, or did they collapse under the weight of a central planning system ill equipped to cope with trends in Western capitalism?

The fundamental driver of Chinese foreign policy is not rapacious expansionism or Bismarckian realpolitik. Securing commercial access is undoubtedly important, but it is likely to remain in the sphere of soft power for the foreseeable future. Instead China's foreign policy can best be seen as an extension of its domestic politics, specifically in the ambition of the Communist Party to retain its pre-eminence despite the ongoing and wholesale transformation of Chinese society.

Kenneth Payne
London, England

I could not agree more with Robert Kaplan's point regarding China's acquisition of naval power and technology, especially submarine technology. However, I must take issue with the old saw that submarines are "the wave of the future," replacing the aircraft carrier. The submarine is the most stealthy vehicle ever created, conferring the nearest thing to perfect invisibility. But this stealth is very expensive; submarines, especially nuclear submarines, are extremely difficult to build and operate safely. Surface ships can do anything better and cheaper than nuclear submarines—except kill ships, including other submarines. Thus in naval warfare today submarines play the role of "fighter planes," attacking and defeating the enemy submarine force and clearing the way for the carriers—which act as the "bombers," projecting power against the enemy's land forces and installations.

One sign of how important carriers continue to be is that China has acquired four incomplete or worn-out carriers—the Russian Varyag, Kiev, and Minsk, and the Australian Melbourne—apparently just for study. None seems to have any remaining operational capacity, although the Chinese have tried flying operations off the stationary Melbourne. But building and operating carriers is as demanding and complex as building nuclear submarines; plainly, the Chinese realize their vital importance and want them badly.

Robert P. Largess
Boston, Mass.

Robert Kaplan's article on China represents the very best in journalism on strategic planning and management. The Atlantic deserves all credit for publishing it.

Jacques Richardson
Authon la Plaine, France

R obert Kaplan says that the U.S. Navy has twenty-four aircraft carriers. That's a dozen more than we actually have.

Kaplan minimizes the military contributions of allies who, he alleges, have "done little more than patrol and move into areas already pacified by U.S. soldiers and Marines." Even accepting the statement at face value, this is not an insignificant contribution. We could use a lot more such help policing Iraq.

Kaplan refers to the "successful forcing down of a U.S. Navy EP-3E" as a demonstration of Chinese power. Actually, it's not hard to force down an unarmed plane.

Kaplan suggests that the Chinese may be "expert in manipulating the psychology of a democratic electorate." Does he have examples of successful manipulation? (They were supremely unsuccessful in influencing the 1996 elections by firing a missile over Taiwan. That boosted the pro-independence candidate. They were also abysmally ineffective in manipulating U.S. opinion over the EP-3E incident.)

Kaplan asserts that if the Chinese chose to use their ships to bump our ships during Freedom of Navigation exercises, the world would side with them. Where's the evidence of this? The world did not side with the Soviets when they did it.

Kaplan says that the U.S. Navy's mission during the Cold War was simple—be prepared to fight the Soviet Union—but that the Navy now needs to be prepared to fight "a conventional war against North Korea or an unconventional counterinsurgency battle against a Chinese-backed rogue island-state." That actually sounds to me a lot like what the Navy was doing during the Cold War.

Paul Sherbo
Lakewood, Colo.

In his treatment of China's rise, Robert Kaplan makes some important errors. The central one is his assumption that balance-of-power means are appropriate for achieving the end of continuing American hegemony. He is wrong. Great wars do not start because "power relationships are [not] correctly calibrated"; rather, they start when a previously dominant power strikes out in fear of losing its edge. The United States cannot contain China the way we did the USSR, because China, unlike the Soviet Union, is likely to continue to grow in economic and military power.

Even more irresponsible is the idea that effecting regime change in Beijing might be a sensible—indeed, necessary—goal. China is a nuclear power with a population more than fifty times the size of Iraq's, and its Communist Party came to power after a twenty-year-long guerrilla struggle. Installing a new government there by force is simply beyond American power. Kaplan's casual dismissal of the implications of a nuclear exchange with China, and his casual acceptance of the idea that regime change would be a feasible way to end a war, would be laughable if such attitudes did not reflect a frightening mindset among American military thinkers.

On one point Kaplan is right: the United States must "accommodate China's inevitable re-emergence as a great power." But "accommodate" means to make room, and accommodation requires ceding hegemony and building a cooperative relationship based on equality. Kaplan's mistaking PACOM—a piece of the U.S. military—for a multilateral alliance illustrates just how off-kilter his understanding of equal cooperation is.

Stuart J. Kaufman
Professor of Political Science and International Relations
University of Delaware
Newark, Del.

Robert D. Kaplan replies:
Yes, nukes are important, and in a longer article I would have gone into that. Still, I am less concerned with nuclear war than with smaller incidents that could have the effect of raising tensions. I decided to concentrate on the parts of the China story to which the media have paid little attention. Thus I gave an overview of the world according to the Pacific Command while saying little about Taiwan and Korea—because the media do an excellent job on those issues.

I believe that China's intentions are much more defensive than offensive. But the U.S. military must plan according to the capabilities of rising powers with which we do not have alliances—because intentions and motives can shift overnight. Although China's intentions may be good, PACOM would not be doing its job for the taxpayers unless it planned for that to change.

Subs are expensive, sure. Still, you can refuel a nuclear reactor for, say, $200 million, and get an extra thirteen years out of a sub that, brand-new, costs well over $1 billion. Also, the need for subs certainly did not go away with the Cold War. A significant percentage of the missiles fired in the Balkans, Afghanistan, and Iraq came from subs. Subs also provide listening platforms that are sometimes better than satellites, not to mention their future use as platforms for launching commando units ashore. Of course, diplomacy will provide the ultimate solution in the Pacific, but in order to avoid tragedy the military must think tragically. And getting that right will increase the credibility of our diplomacy.

I don't agree that nothing has changed for the Navy: we do less work now under the Arctic ice pack and in the North Atlantic, and more work in the tropical littorals.

My comment about regime change was misunderstood. The analyst who mentioned it—who has an impressive record of accurate predictions, especially in Afghanistan—was trying to say that if a war of some kind were to start, it might conclude only with some shift, major or minor, in the Chinese leadership. Therefore, war with China is a terrible idea. Our mission in the Pacific must be to constrain China in a way so subtle that we enable it to make the right military choices, thus allowing globalization to continue without a cataclysm of some sort. I cannot stress too strongly that the military men and women I interviewed around the Pacific—both enlisted and commissioned—all had the same view, which dovetails with that of the business community: we must avoid any conflict with China. But that can be achieved only by recognizing the inevitability of China's military rise, and adjusting to the challenge it poses.

As for the number of aircraft carriers: we have twelve catapult-launch carriers and twelve non-catapult ones used for helicopters and vertical-takeoff planes.

I am thoroughly enjoying Bernard-Henri Lévy's articles on the States. As a Pacific Northwesterner, I blushed with pleasure at the loving description of Washington State and Seattle in particular (where I live and work as a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Washington). However, I am also a farm boy from eastern Washington, where we all know that it is pronounced sort of like "Wanatchee" but spelled definitely like "Wenatchee."

I'm reminded of Mark Twain's comment that "foreigners pronounce better than they spell."

John D. Sahr
Seattle, Wash.

I suppose that after I read and reread Bernard-Henri Lévy's lovely words on the dying cities of the Rust Belt—particularly his depiction of Detroit as a magnificently desolate urban hellhole—karma demanded that my home town next fall under his microscope.

Yet the Fort Worth depicted in the July/August Atlantic bears little resemblance to the city in which I lived for nearly twenty years, until quite recently. Lévy's characterization of the city as "empty" seems particularly curious, as well as inaccurate, and his association of Fort Worth with fascist imagery and ideals strikes me as simply bizarre. It seems to me that his primary objection is to the culture of traveling gun shows, a disease that indeed afflicts Fort Worth and, unfortunately, many other cities besides.

Certainly I don't doubt that Lévy accurately conveyed his impressions of Fort Worth, and I will read subsequent installments with interest and enjoyment. But I can't help thinking that Lévy sees through an especially idiosyncratic lens, lacking Tocqueville's remarkable grasp on the spirit of American culture and the objective truths underpinning (or perhaps arising from) his subjective account.

Jay B. Blackman
New York, N.Y.

Nelson Algren did indeed live on Evergreen Street in Chicago, but only from 1959 to 1975. He did not, however, share his apartment there with Simone de Beauvoir. That was at 1523 W. Wabansia Avenue—which is mentioned frequently by De Beauvoir herself in the letters collected in Transatlantic Love Affair.

James Reidel
Cincinnati, Ohio

Bernard-Henri Lévy refers to "the neighborhood of the insane, released en masse from asylums during the Reagan years." The fact is, patients of mental institutions were released en masse in the middle to late 1960s. This exodus was initiated during the era of Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, when the Democrats controlled Congress. The ACLU, hardly a conservative organization, started suing during the early 1960s to have the mental institutions of the United States emptied in the name of individual freedom. This action was aided by the Warren Court and opposed by most mental-health workers. President Reagan and the conservatives did not cause the problem; they inherited it.

Dirk C. Prather
Sun City West, Ariz.

Bernard-Henri Lévy lapses into amusing errors reminiscent of Voltaire and other old French philosophes. To Lévy, the principle of equality is behind the behavior of slow drivers in America who drive in the fast lane. In this profundity he has fondly reached for dramatic truths from a few impressions, without advantage of survey or poll. Actually, those slow drivers perceive road-rage speeders to be exactly what the law contends: dangerous. They want merely to prevent unfortunate episodes in areas where law enforcement is sporadic. When cars respectful of speed limits occupy all lanes, it's plainly safer. Furthermore, the fast lane is not reserved for the more affluent, and the ability of an American vehicle to accelerate quickly does not reflect the driver's economic status. Cheap used cars, for instance, can be just as fast—and, anyway, consumption-addicted Americans eagerly borrow to pay for fast vehicles if they want them, whether or not they can afford them. Drivers think drivers who speed are enraged, not enriched.

David F. Weinstein
Hicksville, N.Y.

Benjamin Schwarz ("Will Israel Live to 100?," May Atlantic) says that Jewish Israel will inevitably, and perhaps quite quickly, be demographically swamped by the rapidly multiplying Palestinians. Fine. But wasn't it just one issue previous, in a small piece called "Overestimating the Palestinians" (Primary Sources, April Atlantic), that an American-Israeli study was said to completely contradict Schwarz's thesis? Whom are we to believe? Or should this be chalked up as a fine illustration that a highly regarded, believable, totally opposite opinion is always available?

David Steiner
Toronto, Ont.

In outlining the effects of demographic change on political realities over the next century, Benjamin Schwarz skips quickly over something that will ultimately have a far greater impact on future residents of the land between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean: the effects of population growth on an overstressed environment.

This water-poor area is smaller than the state of Maryland, and now supports nearly 10 million residents—more than seven times its 1948 population. As Schwarz points out, this figure continues to grow rapidly. The Population Reference Bureau projects a combined population of 22.5 million for Israel and the Palestinian territories in 2050. At some point the population will outstrip the carrying capacity of the land. Even if we assume that the high birth rate of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs will eventually overwhelm the Jewish state, a successor could face political and economic chaos induced by environmental overload—a prospect that could make the current situation look serene by comparison.

Both sides in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict may have the greatest chance of long-term success with a strategy that both now rule out: a unified, democratic, pluralistic state. Jewish Israelis' best opportunity to sustain cultural vitality in the region is to become a vibrant minority. The Palestinians' best route to prosperity is to join rather than replace Israel's stable system of government and robust economy. Most important, a unified state would be in a much stronger position to enact farsighted policies on population, water conservation, and land development—the ultimate keys to survival.

Unimaginable as it seems now, a single-state solution may in time be attainable through peaceful means. After all, in 1942 few would have predicted a common currency and an open border between France and Germany 600 years in the future, much less sixty. As with Europe, the urgency of symbiosis in Israel-Palestine will become clearer with each passing decade. Although Schwarz's pessimism is justified in the short term, too many unpredictable events have happened in the past century for us to pre-judge the course of the next one.

Scott Schaffer
Port Angeles, Wash.

Benjamin Schwarz makes several misstatements in his less than sanguine discussion about the long-term survival of the state of Israel. First, if Israel had actually followed a policy of forced expulsion of Arabs after the 1967 war, when Arab nations attempted to destroy Israel, there would now be no question about Jews' being the majority in the land west of the Jordan River.

Second, the right of return has never been claimed by a defeated aggressor in the modern era. With most of the Palestinian Arabs leaving of their own accord, expecting to return in triumph to seize Jewish lands and massacre the inhabitants, they forfeited the right of return not only for that generation but also for its now numerous descendants.

Third, Ariel Sharon was acquitted of any participation or conniving in the Sabra and Shatilla massacres of Palestinian Arabs in Lebanon by that nation's Christians. This intranational tragedy was the fault both of a Palestinian leadership that trampled the rights of the Lebanese Christians and of the Lebanese Christians themselves, who chose to impose this revenge.

Finally, Schwarz appears unaware of the religious and historical relationship of the Jewish people to the land of Israel when he cites alternative regions for a Jewish homeland. For Jews there is no other possibility than returning to their biblical roots and the country that has been in their daily prayers for two millennia.

Nelson Marans
Silver Spring, Md.

History does not support the argument that demographics is decisive in the relationship between conquered and conqueror. Small nation-states and small populations have frequently conquered and ruled populations many times the size of theirs, beginning with Rome and continuing through Pizarro's conquest of Peru, Cortez's conquest of Mexico, Great Britain's empire, and the initial conquest by the Europeans of the Western Hemisphere.

Roberta Kalechofsky
Marblehead, Mass.

Benjamin Schwarz writes, "In few places in the world do conditions more demand that two peoples develop a symbiotic relationship; in no other place are the chances of building such a relationship more remote." Yet the same would have been said only one generation before the end of apartheid in South Africa. The author, like the current Israeli and Palestinian leadership, overlooks an obvious possibility: that a one-state solution may be the only solution. A separate Palestinian state would most likely remain unviable and impoverished, whereas a "Jewish" state with a rising non-Jewish minority will increasingly be at odds with the principles of democracy and equality. A single democratic secular state representing all its citizens would not be a perfect solution either, and would require compromise from both sides. However, this is surely preferable to the demographic time bomb that awaits Israel in its present form. Given the long established relationship between rising prosperity and lower birth rates, it seems in Israel's interest to end the occupation that systematically keeps Palestinians poor, and to start negotiating the conditions for this state.

Troy HarperPaget,
Bermuda

I want to express my pleased astonishment at the honest and fair-minded appraisal of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by Benjamin Schwarz in "Will Israel Live to 100?" In my experience one rarely reads anything on this subject that presents the legitimate grievances and concerns of both sides; in the United States the mainstream press usually whitewashes Israel's sins, past and present, while some on the far left seem too willing to believe that a just solution would automatically end the threat of terrorism from extremists.

I wonder if the situation would be quite so dire if honest talk about the roots of the conflict had been the norm in the United States for the past few decades, when this country was subsidizing the settlement policy. Given his pessimism, one can only hope that Schwarz is as inaccurate about the future as he is accurate about the past.

Donald Johnson
Yonkers, N.Y.

Benjamin Schwarz replies:
The study to which David Steiner refers was cited in a section of the magazine that summarizes topical and often provocative reports. That section simply notes the contents of a study; it neither vets the study nor vouches for its reliability. The report in question wasn't written by professional demographers and was compiled by a group that's regarded as politically motivated; some of its members are closely tied to the settler movement. It has been roundly criticized by demographers and academic experts. In contrast, the figures I used were drawn from the most thorough and widely cited scholarly studies (which happen to have been conducted by Israeli academics)—those the scholarly, journalistic, and national-security communities consider the most reliable.

As for Scott Schaffer's comments, in fact I did emphasize the gloomy environmental prospects that await the people living between the Mediterranean and the Jordan River. His suggestion that the Jews in that area resign themselves to being a "vibrant minority" in a non-Jewish state seems Pollyanna-ish; more to the point, the overwhelming number of them won't accept that fate.

Contrary to Nelson Marans's implication, I never argued that Israel pursued a policy of forced expulsion after the 1967 war; and it's self-evident that had Israel done so, Israeli Jews would command an unassailable majority on the West Bank. I didn't assert the Palestinians' "right" of return; the problem (from Marans's point of view) is that the Palestinians do. He's wrong to imply that in 1947—1948 most Palestinian refugees left "of their own accord." Meticulous and honest historical accounts suggest that most Palestinians took flight owing to the exigencies of war. And although many did leave at the behest of Arab leaders, more were driven out by the Israelis. All those who left, for whatever reason, were barred by Israel from returning after the conflict. "In this sense," the Israeli historian Benny Morris has concluded, "it may fairly be said that all 700,000 [Palestinians] or so who ended up as refugees were compulsorily displaced or 'expelled.'"

I'm not unaware of the Jews' connection to the land of Israel. I wrote that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict "is a story of two peoples, each with reasonable claims to the same piece of earth." As for Prime Minister Sharon's actions in connection with the massacre conducted by the Phalangists, the Israeli government's Kahan Commission found that Sharon shared indirect responsibility for the atrocities, stating that "it is impossible to justify the Minister of Defense's disregard of the danger of the massacre." The commission elaborated: "If in fact the Defense Minister, when he decided that the Phalangists would enter the camps without the I.D.F. taking part in the operation, did not think that that decision could bring about the very disaster that in fact occurred, the only possible explanation for this is that he disregarded any apprehensions about what was to be expected because the advantages … to be gained from the Phalangists' entry into the camps distracted him from the proper consideration in this instance." The commission concluded, "It was the duty of the Defense Minister to take into account all the reasonable considerations for and against having the Phalangists enter the camps, and not to disregard entirely the serious consideration mitigating against such an action, namely that the Phalangists were liable to commit atrocities and that it was necessary to forestall this possibility as a humanitarian obligation and also to prevent the political damage it would entail."

Roberta Kalechofsky believes that Israel can rule over a subject majority population indefinitely. That's not for me to decide. But Israel's political and military leadership and the majority of its citizens have concluded that it can't. Spanish rule in the New World, of course, entailed massacre, mass conversion, and a thorough ethnic intermixing—"solutions" that appeal neither to Jews nor to Arabs. And doesn't Kalechofsky remember that Rome fell? In any event, a country that explicitly followed the examples of the Spanish conquistadors and the Roman emperors would probably find it difficult to garner support from an American government dedicated to the spread of democratic values.

As for Troy Harper's solution: again, it's not up to me to advocate a course of action for Israel to follow. But whether or not his proposal is just, it isn't one to which Israeli Jews will agree; to them it would be tantamount to national suicide.

In his estimation of T. S. Eliot ("A Breath of Dust," July/August Atlantic), Christopher Hitchens rightly avers that "the allegation of plagiarism is often tiresome … since poetry almost invariably involves synthesis." Notably, he overlooks one such synthesis within his own examples: while Evelyn Waugh ostensibly borrowed his title A Handful of Dust from The Waste Land, Eliot himself lifted the line from John Donne (on whom Eliot wrote critically): "What's become of man's great extent and proportion, when himselfe shrinkes himselfe, and consumes himselfe to a handfull of dust?" ("Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions," Meditation IV). And Donne, perhaps, adapted the line from any number of passages in Genesis.

Neil Giordano
Hopkinton, Mass.

Are you aware that the story on which you report in April (Primary Sources) under the headline about smart women staying single was done on women who are now in their eighties? They were of marriageable age in the 1930s, when social mores were a lot different from today's. Such a study has no bearing on today's bright women. In fact, new research shows that men now choose to marry women who have finished their educations. Missing the most important detail about the sample completely skews the report.

Caryl Rivers
Professor of Journalism
Boston University
Boston, Mass.

Editors' Note:
The study in question combined data from a Scottish IQ test given to eleven-year-olds in 1932 with data on lifetime marriage patterns collected in the 1970s, when the participants in the initial study were middle-aged. As Professor Rivers notes, these data should have been reported with the caveat that mores and marriage patterns have changed considerably over the past half century, and we regret the oversight.