Iraq: The World Capital of Terrorism
The country is once again reeling from a bombing, after setting an international record for terrorism-related deaths in 2014.
Updated on July 5 at 7:10 p.m. ET
Early Sunday, on one of the final days of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, a suicide attacker blew up his explosives-packed car in a humming shopping district in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad; as of Tuesday, Iraq’s Health Ministry put the death toll at 250. It appears to have been, according to The Washington Post, “the Islamic State’s deadliest-ever bomb attack on civilians.” And yet, in the context of the recent string of less deadly terrorist attacks in Turkey, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, and Indonesia—and particularly compared with the mass slaughter in Paris in 2015—the “international outpouring of grief [over the violence in Baghdad] was more muted,” the Post observes.
Terrorism does not terrorize equally. It is not processed equitably. The identities of the perpetrators and victims, the scale and apparent significance of the massacre, the setting and novelty of the violence—all these variables shape how grief is expressed, and who expresses it, after an attack. As a result, outpourings of grief don’t always align with death tolls. In the case of Iraq, years of grinding conflict in the country may have numbed many people to Sunday’s carnage.
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That numbness inures us not just to the human suffering in Baghdad, but also to realities that help explain the origins of terrorism, at a time when its sources—Is this really about radical Islam? Power politics? Economic grievances? Social alienation?—are the subject of fierce debate.
One of those realities is this: Not all wars produce terrorist groups, but terrorist groups often emerge from war. As Georgetown University’s Daniel Byman recently wrote, “Without the wars in the Middle East there would be no Islamic State.” Terrorist organizations “are rarely the cause of civil wars,” he noted; instead, belligerents adopt terror as a tactic or strategy, or terrorist groups move into a conflict zone and exploit the chaos.
This is what occurred in Iraq. Over the past year, ISIS has executed or inspired attacks in an increasing number of countries, in what may represent a shift in its targeting strategy. But the geography of terrorism is nevertheless highly concentrated, according to the Institute for Economics and Peace’s 2015 Global Terrorism Index. Seventy-eight percent of terrorism-related deaths in 2014, the latest year for which such data is available, took place in just five countries: Iraq, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Syria. These are all battlegrounds. Iraq, Afghanistan, and Syria are experiencing civil conflicts, while the Afghan War has spilled over into Pakistan and Nigeria is menaced by the Boko Haram insurgency.
The institute reported that Iraq and Nigeria accounted for more than half of all terrorism deaths in 2014, and that the 9,929 terrorism-related fatalities in Iraq constituted the highest annual total ever recorded in a country—three times as many deaths from terrorism as had occurred in the entire world in 2000, the year prior to the 9/11 attacks. Iraq and Nigeria, the organization noted, are also home to the world’s two deadliest terrorist organizations: ISIS and Boko Haram, respectively.
Spikes in deaths from terrorism in Iraq coincided with the U.S.-led invasion of the country in 2003, the U.S. troop surge there in 2007, and the rise of ISIS—the reincarnated al-Qaeda in Iraq—in 2013. The last development contributed to a 55-percent increase in terrorism deaths in Iraq between 2013 and 2014.
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In 2014, Iraq alone suffered a third of the world’s terrorism fatalities. Baghdad became the world’s deadliest city in terms of terrorism.
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“The catalyst for the rise in terrorism in Iraq [was] the US-led invasion in 2003,” the institute argued. “From 1998 to 2002 there were 65 deaths from terrorism in Iraq. With the commencement of the Iraq war in 2004 there were nearly five times as many deaths than in the previous five years.”
In advanced economies, the organization concluded, factors such as a lack of economic opportunity, low levels of societal cohesion, and a country’s involvement in an overseas conflict seem to drive people toward terrorism. But in other countries, internal conflicts, political repression, and corruption appear to be the primary drivers.
“The two factors most closely associated with terrorism are ... levels of political violence and conflict,” the institute wrote. “Ninety-two per cent of all terrorist attacks between 1989 and 2014 occurred in countries where political violence by the government was widespread, while 88% of all terrorist attacks between 1989 and 2014 occurred in countries that were experiencing or involved in violent conflicts.”
Sunday’s attack in Baghdad was a reminder of the depravity of ISIS. But it was also a reminder of the context in which that depravity emerged—a crucible of political violence and corruption that predated ISIS, and may very well outlast it.