Kim Kyung-Hoon/Reuters
Generally speaking, one type is Western democracy. It originated from Greece ... and through the catalyst of the Renaissance and Enlightenment, produced the type of democracy we see today in the United States and England. But another type is China's democracy today, which we call "socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics."
At this point, groans are emanating from astute China analysts about how such arguments typify Chinese political discourse today. What's more, Zhang goes on to say that his exploration of the kind of democracy Chinese want is largely determined by the existing political and civic culture, citing the work of American political scientist Gabriel Almond on how specific civic cultures can shape the type of political system. This, of course, sounds awfully close to the longstanding debate over the lack of suzhi -- loosely translated as civic values -- that make Chinese society unprepared for major systemic changes.
Table 1.1: Is democracy a good thing?
|
|
Number of respondents |
% of respondents |
|
Good |
961 |
54.9 |
|
Not good |
47 |
2.7 |
|
Can't generalize, has to be in context of whether it is appropriate for China's current conditions |
703 |
40.2 |
|
Other |
0 |
0 |
|
Don't know |
39 |
2.2 |
Table 1.2: Is democracy a good thing? (age breakdown)
|
Age cohort |
Good |
Not good |
Can't generalize, has to be in context of whether it is appropriate for China's current conditions |
Don't know |
Total respondents |
|
18-21 |
44.1% |
3.6% |
50.5% |
1.8% |
111 |
|
22-31 |
48.3% |
2.1% |
47% |
2.6% |
387 |
|
32-41 |
50.6% |
1.9% |
46% |
1.5% |
411 |
|
42-51 |
63.6% |
2.7% |
31% |
2.7% |
365 |
|
52-61 |
58.3% |
3.1% |
36.2% |
2.4% |
290 |
|
62-71 |
61.4% |
5.5% |
31% |
2.1% |
145 |
|
>72 |
65.9% |
0 |
31.7% |
2.4% |
41 |
|
Total |
54.9% |
2.7% |
40.2% |
2.2% |
1,750 |
Table 2.1: Is China better or America better? (meaning models)
|
|
Number of respondents |
% |
|
China is better than America |
666 |
38.1% |
|
America is better than China |
140 |
8% |
|
They have different national conditions, can't be simply compared |
901 |
51.5% |
|
Don't know |
43 |
2.5% |
Table 2.2: Is China better or America better? (meaning models)
|
Age cohort |
China better |
America better |
They have different national conditions, can't be simply compared |
Don't know |
|
18-21 |
22.5% |
18% |
55.9% |
3.6% |
|
22-31 |
25.1% |
12.1% |
60.7% |
2.1% |
|
32-41 |
35.3% |
7.5% |
55% |
2.2% |
|
42-51 |
41.4% |
6% |
49.6% |
3% |
|
52-61 |
48.3% |
4.5% |
43.8% |
3.4% |
|
62-71 |
55.9% |
4.8% |
39.3% |
0% |
|
>72 |
65.9% |
0% |
31.7% |
2.4% |
SW: For similar questions, what was the biggest difference in results this time (Zhang had conducted a virtually identical survey in the 1980s)Zhang: There was a new focus this time, particularly in terms of the delineation between "left, right, and center." The survey results show that the percentage on the "right" is lower, on the "left" higher, and the majority of the public seems to be moving in conjunction with the mainstream media. These three findings were contrary to my expectations. When I did the survey in 1988, there was clearly a much higher proportion of pro-West views among the respondents. That was the early reform era, and society was embracing all things Western ...... According to these findings, 38.1 percent of the respondents are considered "left", 51.5 percent "centrist," and 8 percent "right." I was not anticipating these results. But if you calmly and rationally think about the people around you, not just those in intellectual circles, but those from your hometown or those you encounter on the street, these percentages aren't too far off.SW: In your view, will there be some kind of collision among the three groups you identified above?Zhang: The study shows that whether your political attitude leans toward liberalism/libertarianism (or "right") is somewhat positively correlated with the level of educational attainment. But at the same time, the higher the level of education, the higher the tendency of taking a more moderate and pragmatic political view. So we can roughly generalize that the more "cosmopolitan" the respondent, the more likely he or she will lean toward centrist or to the right ...... The mainstream intellectual classes in China today all basically have their own vested interests. If they deviate from the mainstream path even a little bit, they will see their interests damaged. So they can only act in moderation and accommodate the current institutional arrangements.Will the intellectual elites collide with other social classes over different political views and values? I think a lot of this is still dependent on the decision-makers in taking the initiative, in proactively understanding and incorporating both from the elites and other social classes and examining the issues comprehensively.SW: In your findings, a large proportion is considered "political centrists." You believe that this has a strong relationship with the growth of the middle class. But in China, scholars continue to heatedly debate what kind of people are considered middle class, how many are actually in the middle class, and are the middle class' political views more radical or more conservative. In other words, can we then say that China's "political centrists" are also a highly variable group?Zhang: Yes. For the sake of this study, we basically equated those who shared the view "They have different national conditions, can't be simply compared" to political centrists ...... In reality, decision-makers are by and large centrists. On some issues they may take a position slightly to the "right" and on others, they take a more "left" approach. This often amounts to murky and fuzzy policy adjustments, and that's intentional too, to prevent Chinese society from falling into the extreme conflicts of the past.
