America's Most Walkable Cities

The great economic reset we are in the midst of extends even to Americans' choices of places to live. The popularity of sprawling auto-dependent suburbs is waning. A majority of Americans--six in 10--say they would prefer to live in walkable neighborhoods, in both cities and suburbs, if they could. Writing in The Wall Street Journal a few months ago, I noted how changes in our economy and demography are altering "the texture of suburban life in favor of denser, more walkable, mixed-use communities." Christopher Leinberger has shown the positive effects of walkability in cities, towns, and suburbs; the architects Ellen Dunham Jones and June Williamson have detailed ways that older car-oriented suburbs can be retrofitted into more people-friendly, mixed-use, walkable communities. And walkability pays. According to research by Joe Cortright, housing prices have held up better in more walkable communities.

Walkscore.com, the online group that rates walkable neighborhoods, provides detailed data on walkability for 2,500 cities and 6,000 neighborhoods across the United States. Nate Berg of planetizen used their data to come up with a new way to rate and rank America's most walkable cities and metros. The chart below shows his results. The first column shows how metros stack up on walkscore.com's overall walkability index. The second lists Berg's calculation based on the number of neighborhoods in these metros that have above-average walk scores. (Details on Berg's methodology are here.)

Most Walkable Metros

By Walkscore	By % of above avg neighborhoods
San Francisco	San Francisco
New York	Boston
Boston	Philadelphia
Philadelphia	New York
Chicago	Washington, D.C.
Seattle	Chicago
Washington, D.C.	Denver
Portland	Seattle
Los Angeles	Portland
Long Beach	Long Beach
Baltimore	Los Angeles
Denver	Fresno*
Milwaukee	Austin
San Diego	Baltimore
San Jose	Atlanta
Las Vegas	Tucson
Sacramento	San Diego
Atlanta	Houston
Fresno	San Jose
Omaha	Omaha^
Albuquerque	Columbus
Austin	Milwaukee
Houston	Louisville
Columbus	Las Vegas
Detroit	Albuquerque
Tucson	Sacramento
Dallas	Dallas
Phoenix	Detroit
Mesa	Mesa*
San Antonio	Nashville
Louisville	Kansas City
Fort Worth	Phoenix
Kansas City	El Paso
El Paso	Charlotte
Oklahoma City	Oklahoma City^
Indianapolis	San Antonio
Memphis	Jacksonville
Nashville	Fort Worth
Charlotte	Indianapolis^
Jacksonville	Memphis*

Source: Nate Berg of planetizen, based on walkscore.com data.

Either way you slice it, San Francisco tops the list, followed by the East Coast communities of the Bos-Wash corridor: NYC, Boston, Philly, and D.C. Seattle and Portland do well, as does Chicago. Somewhat surprisingly, L.A. scores reasonably highly on both metrics.

With the steady statistical hand of my colleague Charlotta Mellander, we examined the correlations between this new walkability data and key economics and demographics of metro areas.

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Census, American Community Survey, and Nate Berg of planetizen, based on walkscore.com data.

As before, we found significant associations. Walkable metros had higher levels of highly educated people (.44) and of the creative class (.46). Perhaps more significantly, they also had higher incomes (.64) and higher housing values (.55), more high-tech companies (.58), and greater levels of innovation (.4).

Walkability is more than an attractive amenity--it's a magnet for attracting and retaining the highly innovative businesses and highly skilled people that drive economic growth, raising housing values and generating higher incomes.

About the Author

Richard Florida is a co-founder and editor at large of CityLab and a senior editor at The Atlantic. He is the director of the Martin Prosperity Institute at the University of Toronto and Global Research Professor at New York University.

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