Always Drink Upstream: The Waste of Industrial Livestock Production

A majority of animals are raised in industrial facilities, which generate 300 million tons of manure every year, but we don't know where it goes.

Cowboys have known for years to"always drink upstream from the herd. And although the lone, Stetson-wearing cowpoke roaming the prairie is becoming as rare as the jackalope, his advice is as poignant as ever: Animals defecate, and their manure carries bacteria, viruses, and other contaminants that pollute water and can make people sick.

Unfortunately, for most Americans, there is very little information available about where the herd is, or if their favorite swimming holes happen to lie downstream. A majority of animals are now raised in industrial livestock facilities, known in the regulatory world as Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations, or CAFOs. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated that these operations generate approximately 300 million tons of manure each year, more than the amount of trash produced by all Americans. However -- although some states collect piecemeal information about CAFOs -- there are no comprehensive data about the size, location, or waste management practices of the U.S. livestock industry.

Without key information about the industry, the federal government's watchdog, the Government Accountability Office, observed, the "EPA does not have the information that it needs to effectively regulate these operations." So, under pressure from NRDC and our partners, the EPA agreed to initiate an effort to get a handle on the industry's true risks to water, by proposing to collect some basic operating information from CAFOs. Unfortunately, the EPA, cowed by the livestock industry, chickened out. 

In our submitted comments, NRDC and several other groups argued that the EPA's proposed inventory would collect far too little information. As proposed, the EPA wouldn't even ask CAFOs to report what steps they take to prevent leaks and spills or whether any manure is transferred off-site, putting even more waters at risk than just the ones in the immediate vicinity of any given CAFO.

Despite the weak proposed survey, the livestock industry had a cow about the EPA's proposal. But this is ludicrous. For one, it would impose virtually no burden on operators, despite their huge environmental footprint. The EPA estimated that responding to the survey would take one hour every 10 years -- a pittance compared to what other industrial pollution sources have to do. Even if the EPA strengthened the requirements and made operations submit more regularly -- which it should -- the effort would be modest.

In addition, collecting basic information will not reveal industry secrets. The number of and kinds of animals confined, the waste they produce, and what's done with it are hardly the Colonel's Secret Recipe. Rather, it's valuable information about the ability of these operations to pollute waterways.

Finally, and most surprisingly, the industry argued they would somehow be targeted for unlawful activity because the government collects information about their operations. Although some fringe illegal activity has unfortunately happened, there is no apparent correlation between these actions and public information about pollution data -- lawbreakers have been able to perpetrate crimes despite the lack of available data about which waters are at risk from CAFOs' own actions, and the EPA provided no evidence that facilities in states that make information about CAFOs publicly available had been targeted more.

Image: Sveta San/Shutterstock.

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This post also appears on NRDC's Switchboard, an Atlantic partner site.