Why Credit Default Swaps are Dangerous

Felix Salmon says that credit default swaps are just like bonds.  Charles Davi says they are just like futures and forwards (actually, they are most like options), which are derivatives that provide liquidity.  But CDS are different from either of these.


The difference between credit default swaps and typical financial derivatives is the long-term nature of the commitment with CDS.  On organized futures and options markets, it is essentially impossible to obtain a long-dated option.  That is, if I want to buy an option that expires three years from now, I have no real chance of doing so.  In most markets, such options are not traded at all.  Even when there are option contracts that exist for more than six months ahead, trading volumes are slim, so that it is quite difficult to take a position of any size.

Long-dated options are only sold over-the-counter, with CDS being the main example.  I believe that some currency swaps and interest-rate swaps sold over-the-counter also are long-dated.  I suspect that those contracts are dangerous as well.  If interest rates on Treasuries rise to double-digit rates in the next few years, then my guess is that some sellers of interest-rate swaps will blow up.

If you sell a long-dated option, then you need much more in terms of capital and loss reserves to cover your bet than is the case with options that expire over the next few months.  Unless, of course, you are willing to take the risk of blowing up in a few years in order to get some nice profits in the near term.  My guess is that if the writers of all forms of long-dated options were required to put up sufficient capital and loss reserves, the markets in those options would shrink considerably.

Speaking of capital, you need it in order to invest in bonds.  But when you create a synthetic position in bonds by writing credit default swaps, you can do so without putting up capital. With bonds, investors who put debt or equity in your firm have a clear picture of what their risk and return profiles look like.  With credit default swaps, you hide your leveraged bond position from regulators and investor. 

There is nothing intrinsically opaque about credit default swaps.  Regulators and accountants could require firms that are net sellers of credit default swaps to translate those positions into bond holdings and put these synthetic bonds on their balance sheets.  My guess is that had such a policy been in place in 2000, the CDS market would not have taken off.